In addition, pictures of mirror-reversed self-faces were made of each participant with the same software. Participants performed the experiment individually. Before the task, participants were shown an A-4 sheet of face photographs used as other-faces were printed one unedited picture for each person and were asked to indicate the individuals they did not know. Only pictures of known people were used in the face recognition task. For each participant, nine face photographs were taken, and the experimenter edited the pictures while the participants waited for about 25 minutes.
When the edit was complete, participants returned to the experiment room and performed the same face recognition task described in Experiment 1 twice. Normal and mirror-reversed pictures of self-face were used in the first and the second session, respectively.
There were 36 trials in each session, including 18 self-face and 18 other-face trials. The other-face photographs were randomly chosen from known people and proportion of gender was controlled.
The experiment lasted approximately 1 hour for each participant, including the waiting period. The rates that men and women selected each type of face picture are given in Figure 4. An angular transformation was applied for the analyses. The significant main effect of gender was a result of the angular transformation the total number of selections by men and women was equal before transformation, but, after transformation, the total number of selections by women was more than the total number of selections by men.
In addition, we also examined if the gender of other-face influenced facial memory. In summary, neither the gender of participants nor the gender of other-face interacted with other factors i. The rates of selection of self-face and other-face with non-reversed pictures by women and men in each condition for Experiment 3.
Moreover, we added the factor of session into the above ANOVA to examine the effect of session normal vs. In fact, none of the participants reported noticing that mirror-reversed pictures were presented in the second session when asked after the experiment.
The rates of selection of self-face and other-face with mirror-reversed pictures by women and men in each condition for Experiment 3. In this experiment, we examined influences of gender and mirror-reversed pictures on the observed bias in self-face recognition; neither gender nor mirror-reversed pictures affected recognition of the self-face and other-face. Although some previous studies have reported gender biases in face recognition e.
As mentioned in the Introduction, there is possibility that because we view our faces in a mirror and faces are flipped horizontally in photographs, they appear different. This is probably because people are very familiar with their self-face in both mirrors and photographs. Although the difference between the dynamic face in the mirror and the static face in a photograph might influence attractiveness, left and right reversal does not. The results from Experiment 3 differ from those of Experiment 1 in two ways.
First, selections on unmodified pictures were equal for self- and the other-faces in this experiment, but less for self than other in Experiment 1. These differences may have arisen due to the differences in participants and procedures. In Experiment 1, all the participants were in the same small-class lecture and were very familiar with each other. In contrast, the participants in Experiment 3 were from the same department but in different years; they knew each other, but were not that familiar with the others in the photographs, resulting in poorer performance in face recognition of the other-faces.
Furthermore, photographs of the self-face were taken just before the experimental task in Experiment 3, possibly resulting in better accuracy in self-face recognition than in Experiment 1.
This suggests that people may be more generous with unfamiliar people. Future research should be conducted on this issue. To confirm that the size of eyes and mouth influences attractiveness for both Japanese men and women, we asked students who did not know the participants of Experiments 1, 2, and 3 to select the most attractive face from pictures with different sizes of eyes or mouths. The other-face photographs in Experiment 3 were used. In each trial, seven pictures with different sized eyes the first investigation or mouth the second investigation were randomly presented on a monitor, and participants were asked to select the most attractive one using a mouse.
For each other-face subject, three sets of photographs were used randomly. The proportions of face selections of pictures of women and men with different sized eyes are given in Figure 6 a. Women and men both favored larger eyes, although the degree was somewhat different larger eyes were favored in women more than in men. The average correlation between the proportions of selections and modification levels were.
A Fisher's z-transformation was applied for the analyses. The rates of selection of the most attractive face from pictures with different sizes of eyes a or different sizes of mouth b for women and men.
The proportions of selections of pictures with a different sized mouth are given in Figure 6 b. Faces with smaller mouths were selected as attractive, and this tendency was more remarkable for female faces.
The average correlations between the proportions of selections and modification levels were —. In this experiment, we asked the participants to select the most attractive face from pictures with different sized eyes or mouths. The results clearly showed that large eyes and small mouths were viewed as more attractive, especially in women, in Japanese culture.
Therefore, when people selected pictures with larger eyes or smaller mouths for the self-face, they were remembering their own faces as more attractive than their real face. The results from Experiment 1 and 2 provided clear evidence that there are differences in face memory for the self and others. Specifically, participants were able to recognize the unmodified faces of their classmates, but tended to choose the modified pictures with larger eyes and smaller mouths of their own faces.
As confirmed in Experiment 4, larger eyes and smaller mouths are considered to be more attractive in Asian cultures; therefore, these results may be interpreted to mean that people think of themselves as more attractive than they really are.
Herein, we have proposed several possible reasons for the memory distortions of the self-face. The memory distortions we observed may be the result of over-attention to the self-face.
Indeed, previous work has indicated that self-reference stimuli, including faces, hold attention more than other stimuli e. After the experiments, the participants reported that the self-face trials were easier to do than the other-face trials, but they took longer during these trials.
Although the participants made more cautious decisions during the self-face trials, their recognitions were less accurate. Therefore, it may be that too much attention and overexposure to the self-face may result in the subjective expectation of being more attractive.
Thus, during the long retention interval of the self-face, positive information e. In addition, the positive biases of self-face recognition might not be specific for self-face recognition; it might also apply to the faces of people to whom we are strongly attached.
Furthermore, previous research has demonstrated that holistic processing leads to better face recognition than featural processing e. In research examining self-face processing relative to familiar face processing, featural processes have been demonstrated to contribute to the self-face recognition e. In addition, Keyes and Brady examined interhemispheric cooperation in the recognition of self-, friend-, and stranger-faces, and concluded that the representation of one's own face emphasizes both global and local information.
From the results of these studies we infer that the featural processing of the eyes or the mouth in this study was influenced by positive beliefs about self. We also examined the interaction between gender and bias in self-face memory, but did not observe any gender differences. Both women and men chose slightly magnified eyes for the self-face more often than for others. As shown in Figure 6 a , although large eyes were preferred more in women than men, this feature was correlated with attractiveness for both genders.
In conclusion, both females and males remember their own faces as being more attractive than their real face. We also examined the influence of mirror-reversed pictures on self-face recognition and found that the photograph selections were not influenced by mirror-reversals self-faces. The participants reported not noticing the difference in the mirror-reversed photographs. Clearly, mirror-reversal is not the reason of why faces look different in photographs and mirrors.
In conclusion, we found a bias in self-face recognition. Participants selected the more attractive, modified pictures for the self-face condition than for the other-face condition. This phenomenon did not differ across gender and indicated a memory distortion i. She worked with Prof. Kawabata for the past two years as a postdoctoral research fellow at Keio University. She has now moved to the Dept. He is now working as an associate professor at Keio University.
His main research interests are in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience of subjectivity and aesthetic process. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Iperception v. Published online Aug Wen Wen and Hideaki Kawabata. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Nov 21; Revised Aug 2. Copyright W Wen, H Kawabata. This open-access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Licence, which permits noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction, provided the original author s and source are credited and no alterations are made.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Many people complain that they do not photograph well. Keywords: face recognition, self-face, familiar face, positive evaluation, beauty, gender differences. Introduction The self-face is one of the most important visual images to people. Experiment 1 Research has indicated that the eye region has the greater influence on judgments of face beauty than other parts of the face e.
Methods 2. Materials We took photographs of the participants' faces inside the classroom several weeks before the experiment. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Master the chicken arm. This angle makes your pose look more natural than the chicken arm, but you still get that same toned effect.
Create angles. Never stand facing the camera, but position your body to one side or the other and even cross one of your legs. If you don't want to cross your legs, then at least bend one of them to break up the shape. Use this body-shrinking move. I also cock one hip AWAY from the camera because whatever is closest to the camera always seems bigger.
Monica Widmann, product development manager —Monica is the sister of my camera-obsessed sister-in-law, has a boyfriend who's into photography, and happens to be half Asian, which may involve a dominant photo-posing gene according to my sister-in-law. OK, that all sounded really confusing, but all you really need to know is that Monica has truly mastered always looking amazing on camera.
Wear bright lipstick. This is one of the things that always makes Monica's photos stand out in my Facebook news feed. It really makes a difference. Know your good side. This is difficult to explain, but the main reason is that my bangs swoop to the left.
When I pose on the right, the focus is on where my hair parts. Toggle navigation. Be France Marie france asia Gourmand asia. Our websites Be France Marie france asia Gourmand asia. Fashion Fashion News 5 things to know Style advice Streetstyle. Hold up, are flip-flops fashionable again? Just when you thought you saw the craziest of shoe trends, guess. How to avoid the Sunday Scaries Feel a looming sense of dread on Sunday for the week ahead?
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