When methyl groups are present on a gene, that gene is turned off or silenced, and no protein is produced from that gene. Another common epigenetic change is histone modification. Histones are structural proteins in the cell nucleus. DNA wraps around histones, giving chromosomes their shape. Histones can be modified by the addition or removal of chemical groups, such as methyl groups or acetyl groups each consisting of two carbon, three hydrogen, and one oxygen atoms.
The chemical groups influence how tightly the DNA is wrapped around histones, which affects whether a gene can be turned on or off. Errors in the epigenetic process, such as modification of the wrong gene or failure to add a chemical group to a particular gene or histone, can lead to abnormal gene activity or inactivity.
Altered gene activity, including that caused by epigenetic errors, is a common cause of genetic disorders. DNA methylation analysis: choosing the right method. Biology Lang-Mladek, C. Transgenerational inheritance and resetting of stress-induced loss of epigenetic gene silencing in Arabidopsis. Plant 3, — Latzel, V. Epigenetic memory as a basis for intelligent behavior in clonal plants. Law, J. Establishing, maintaining and modifying DNA methylation patterns in plants and animals.
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Richards, C. Ecological plant epigenetics? Ronemus, M. Demethylation-induced developmental pleiotropy in Arabidopsis. Epigenetic variability in the genetically uniform forest tree species Pinus pinea L. PLoS One 9:e Sano, H. A single treatment of rice seedlings with 5-azacytidine induces heritable dwarfism and undermethylation of genomic DNA. Saze, H. Maintenance of CpG methylation is essential for epigenetic inheritance during plant gametogenesis.
Schrey, A. Schulz, B. Scoring and analysis of methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphisms for epigenetic population studies. Slotkin, R. Transposable elements and the epigenetic regulation of the genome. Song, J. Vernalization — A cold-induced epigenetic switch. Cell Sci. Steward, N. Periodic DNA methylation in maize nucleosomes and demethylation by environmental stress.
Takeda, S. DNA methylation and epigenetic inheritance during plant gametogenesis. Chromosoma , 27— Thumma, B. Identification of a cis -acting regulatory polymorphism in a eucalypt COBRA -like gene affecting cellulose content. Genetics , — The interplay between epigenetic regulation and diverse cellular processes has become increasingly valued over the past few years.
Meanwhile, the need for a thorough understanding of the epigenetics-connected cellular network urges more discoveries and new insights in this important research area. This Research Topic is an effort to improve our understanding of the interplay between epigenetic regulation and other cellular processes. We welcome Original Research reports that reveal new connections between epigenetic regulation and other cellular processes, including but not limited to: 1 Metabolism, including primary metabolism and secondary metabolism; 2 Hormone-mediated signaling; 3 Immunity; 4 Retrograde signaling; 5 Endoplasmic reticulum ER -mediated stress signaling This Research Topic also welcomes submissions in the forms of Methods, Opinions, or Reviews.
Keywords : Epigenetic, DNA methylation, histone modification, signalling, metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Mol Cell Biol. Nat Neurosci. Feinberg AP: Phenotypic plasticity and the epigenetics of human disease.
Petronis A: Epigenetics as a unifying principle in the aetiology of complex traits and diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol. J Periodontol. Clin Dev Immunol. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. Immunol Lett. Clin Immunol. Arthritis Rheum.
J Autoimmun. Nat Rev Rheumatol. Ann Rheum Dis. Rheumatology Oxford. Mol Med. Richardson B: DNA methylation and autoimmune disease. J Exp Med. Nat Med. J Rheumatol. Mol Biol Rep. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. Download references. The author is indebted to Peter Taylor for critical comments on the manuscript. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Udo Oppermann. Reprints and Permissions. Oppermann, U.
Why is epigenetics important in understanding the pathogenesis of inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases?. Arthritis Res Ther 15, Download citation. Published : 03 April Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
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Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Review Published: 03 April Why is epigenetics important in understanding the pathogenesis of inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases?
Abstract In its widest sense, the term epigenetics describes a range of mechanisms in genome function that do not solely result from the DNA sequence itself. Figure 1. Full size image. What is the biochemical basis of epigenetics? DNA methylation in an epigenetic context Among the epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression, DNA methylation is by far the most studied-although, it is probably fair to say, still incompletely understood. Histone modifications are important elements of the epigenomic landscape In addition to the modifications described above for DNA, post-translational modifications of N-terminal, un structured tails of histone proteins have now been recognised as key components in the regulation and signalling of functional states of the epigenomic landscape.
Noncoding RNAs contribute to epigenetic mechanisms Over the last decade it has become apparent that the nonprotein coding fraction of the human genome is of critical importance for homeostasis and disease, as discussed in greater detail elsewhere [ 5 , 6 ].
Reversibility of chromatin modification and inheritance of phenotypes The contemporary definition of epigenetics that describes mechanisms to produce 'stable, heritable phenotypes that result from chromosomal changes without alteration in DNA sequence' implies a stably stored sort of memory at a molecular level that is copied and maintained during subsequent cell divisions and is independent of the initiating stimulus.
How can epigenetics further our understanding of human disease? Interfering with chromatin modifications offers novel possibilities in drug discovery As discussed above, there are certainly good indicators that epigenetic mechanisms do play a role in pathogenesis and might even be targets for therapeutic intervention cf. Table 2 Epigenetic drugs or inhibitors targeting mechanisms in musculoskeletal disease Full size table.
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