What may have weakened France was more to do with France's monarchy had become too centralized and strong. Additionally, the war's costs had a long-term consequence, like France, after this war, began to find it more difficult to pay for its conflicts, incurring more debt.
This created greater distance between the French government and the French people, where over time, this distance proved devastating and helped lead to the French Revolution.
In fact, the later Seven Year War and American Revolution likely contributed more to the decline of France's royal family. The flexibility of the parliamentary system, however, which did not depend on a strong ruler, such as the system in Britain, may have an effect and influence through demonstrating its effectiveness in conducting campaigns by changing leadership and not being prone to impulsive monarchs.
For Spain, the war brought a large territorial loss in Europe, although its overseas empire remained intact. Never again did Spain arise to be as influential as it was in European affairs in the 16th and 17th centuries. The main effect was the new ruling house, the Bourbons, brought new ideas in government and administration that had developed in France, allowing Spain to more rapidly modernizing its political infrastructure in the 18th century. This briefly restored Spanish power, although it never gained its dominance before the war in European affairs.
Spain also became more centralized, where King Philip united the crowns of Aragon and Castile. The effects of the war are evident today. In Gibraltar, Spain wants the territory back, where it is still a British overseas territory. The rise of Britain after the war also enabled it to become the largest empire in history. In particular, Britain was better able to focus on the East after this war, as the East India Company arose as a commercial and later territorial power.
In effect, by dominating sea trade, after the Dutch's collapse, Britain had a way to finance its overseas empire. This meant that no major global conflict did not involve Britain to some level after this war, as the British Empire now became the dominant trade and territorial empire across much of the globe.
Today, this has meant many countries have effectively taken up the legacies of British imperial rule. In India, for instance, legacies on education, government, and language are evident. This is also true in other countries that Britain was able to expand into as its overseas power increased, including in Africa and Asia. The war helped to lead to the downfall of France's monarchy, as it increasingly became isolated from its population and more centralized.
At the cost of 12, men, Marlborough had inflicted a crushing defeat on the Franco-Bavarians who suffered about 35, casualties, including 14, prisoners. Bavaria was knocked out of the war. Marshal Villeroi was therefore pushed into leaving the safety of the lines of Brabant and crossed the River Dyle with 60, men. On 23 May , the Duke of Marlborough attacked him at Ramillies. Marlborough put pressure on the enemy left wing, causing the French to reinforce it with troops from their centre and right.
He then shifted his reserves to the right. After a close-fought cavalry battle, in which Marlborough himself led a counter-charge, the French were routed. The victory enabled Marlborough to drive the French from almost the whole of the Spanish Netherlands. After bad weather interrupted his campaign, Marlborough resumed his offensive in Marlborough now planned to march on Paris but his allies were unwilling to take the risk.
Instead they besieged Lille, the capital of French Flanders, which surrendered on 9 December. Following his reverses in , Louis XIV sued for peace but the terms offered by the Allies were so harsh that he resolved to fight on.
In , Marlborough attacked again, capturing Tournai and besieging Mons. Marshal Villars moved to relieve the fortress and on 11 September the two armies met at Malplaquet near the French border. The French occupied a strong defensive position based upon two large woods supported by trenches and redoubts. The Allies had suffered so many casualties that they were prevented from marching on Paris, so the battle was a strategic victory for France.
The death toll at Malplaquet was to traumatize the nations of Europe just as much as the horrific loss of life at the Somme and Verdun did over years later. In Spain the war went less well for the Allies.
His victory meant that France gained control of virtually all of Spain except Catalonia. He defeated the French and Spanish at Almenara on 27 July and at Saragossa on 20 August, but was forced to retreat when his Portuguese allies failed to support him. Both these monarchs have a Spanish Habsburg princess as a mother and a Spanish Habsburg princess as a wife such is the interconnection of Europe's royal families, though the Habsburg link is of course almost a tradition in the Austrian imperial family.
In each generation the elder infanta has been sent to France, but the French brides have specifically renounced any claim to the Spanish throne. The younger sisters, marrying in Austria within the Habsburg clan, have not renounced their claim.
In the mids the Austrian case looks stronger than the French. A daughter of Leopold I and his Spanish bride has married the elector of Bavaria. In she gives birth to a son, Joseph Ferdinand. His claim is clearly good. Perhaps even more important, he has the advantage of being neither Bourbon nor Habsburg.
The boy is a Wittelsbach. Another great European dynasty in possession of Spain will help to preserve the balance of power. Partition treaties and wills: Both are determined to prevent the reassembling of the great Habsburg domain held in the 16th century by the emperor Charles V.
They sign a partition treaty accepting the right of the young Joseph Ferdinand to all Spain's possessions except Italy - which is to be shared, as a sweetener, between Habsburgs and Bourbons. Milan will go to the Austrians, the rest of Spanish Italy to the French. The ailing Spanish king, Charles II, is outraged at this high-handed distribution of his property. He responds with a will naming Joseph Ferdinand as heir to the entire estate. But in the boy dies. Undaunted, William and Louis come up with a second partition treaty in This is generous to the Habsburgs, in that a younger son of the Austrian emperor the archduke Charles is to have almost everything except Italy and Lorraine, which will go to France.
Charles II, now almost on his deathbed in October , changes his will again. A month later Charles II dies. Given the way things have turned out, Louis XIV changes tack. Forgetting the recent partition treaty, he eagerly accepts his grandson's good fortune - treating him now as Philip V of Spain. The Austrians prepare for war. Each is fighting on behalf of a grandson or son who is not next in line of succession to the French or Austrian throne.
Each of the candidates has been identified in the Spanish king's will, which states that if his crown is not accepted by one of the younger grandsons of Louis XIV it shall go to the younger son of Leopold I the archduke Charles. John's in The English gained control of Port-Royal and with it Acadia in However, the following year a British fleet was wrecked in the St.
The Treaty of Utrecht , in , was one of a series of treaties that brought an end to the war. The treaty settled a number of succession disputes between England and France, and granted considerable territory to England. The Treaty of Utrecht is acknowledged as the end of French expansion, and the beginning in the rise of the British Empire. Search The Canadian Encyclopedia.
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