The pistol shrimp is a remarkable creature about 4 cm in length and 25 grams in weight. The speed of the snap is such that a bubble is created consisting of vacuum. The internal low pressure causes a water pulse that immobilizes prey with an associated noise of dB which is louder than a bullet, and reportedly a temperature of degrees centigrade which is similar to the surface temperature of the sun, albeit over a very small area.
Additionally, there is a brief flash of light [1]. Assuming an area of pressure covering 1 cm 2 , the energy produced can be approximately calculated by:. We can now compute the power and energy of this sound pulse. At first the phenomena of such force, noise, high temperatures and light from such a small living creature appear to violate the laws of energy conservation, but actually a simple mechanism allows the organism to alter the surrounding water in a significant manner.
The phenomena is based on Bernoulli's principle, which when the liquid moves above a certain speed, the pressure within the liquid decreases.
We see this in rivers and liquids flowing through pipes. When the pressure drops, tiny air bubbles form, and if the pressure builds back up, the bubbles burst. As described, the implosion causes compression which can instantly generate enormous heat, called a aviation effect. In pipes and water propellors, these effects will, over time, destroy an chip away metal by the continuous blasts of heat energy. What would human-sized pistol shrimp powers actually look like? Does the movie seem off or on-target about it?
If human-sized, the pistol mechanism would still work, but it might be hard to make it proportionately as powerful because at the larger scale a great deal more force would be required to have the same effect.
The problem is similar to that of movies about immense insects. They would either look very different than they do as teensy guys, or they would simply collapse under the weight of their exoskeletons. Is the pistol shrimp secretly the most powerful animal by scale? Well, first of all, its power is no secret to those in the know! The normal background sound is a loud din of crackling and popping — the social life and strife of all the pistol shrimp in the vicinity playing out for you in surround-sound!
As for power, there are many herculean lilliputians. Of course we all know about the seemingly disproportionate strength of ants and other small arthropods. So really, because of the way scaling works, just being tiny makes amazing things happen. Think of it like being born on the planet Krypton and then traveling to Earth. Foxx is tired, basically dead, after doing his form of supercavitation. Does the pistol shrimp suffer the same fatigue after using it? No, at least not right away.
They can snap multiple times in succession. But if they were the size of Jamie Foxx it would be a different story, so in a sense, this might be accurate. You said that pistol shrimp possibly use the power in competition. How so? Do they use the power against each other? For a snapping shrimp — especially a male — the snapping power is critical to the defense of its hard-won and hard-worked burrow. The burrow is sexy. And size is sexy.
Trying to invade a well-defended snapping shrimp burrow is like having a flash-bang thrown in your face. One after another! Not inviting. Do pistol shrimps have any other powers?
As already demonstrated, the plunger speed is linearly related to the jet speed. The jet speed affects the pressure inside the vortex core, since vortex pressure is a quadratic function of tangential vortex velocity It is highlighted that Fig.
In any case, for the sake of completeness, it is mentioned that the trend relating maximum vapour volume in the whole computational domain to the closure speed is similar to the one shown in Fig. As the cavitation ring collapses and rebounds, very high pressures are produced due to sharp deceleration of surrounding liquid. In essence, the sudden deceleration of liquid results to a water-hammer effect, consequently emitting a pressure pulse.
This pressure pulse is the speculated mechanism employed by the pistol shrimp to stun or kill its prey The generated pressure peak is closely related to the amount of vapour produced during the plunger closure. When the plunger moves at the highest speed examined here closure at 0. Pressure peak due to cavity collapse, plunger closure at 0. Pressure is shown at a midplane slice.
Before the time of 0. Then, from 0. The pressure peak is then followed by a second pressure drop. The pressure signal pattern is the same as the one found in the prior work by Versluis To summarize, the present work is the first to analyze the cavitating flow in a geometry resembling a pistol shrimp claw, providing insight in the physical mechanisms of cavitation generation and proving that cavitation produced by the shrimp claw is not a spherical bubble but rather a toroidal cavitation structure.
The main mechanism of the cavitating claw operation is vortex ring roll-up, induced by the high speed jet expelled from the socket. Depending on the plunger closure speed, circulation of the vortex ring may become high enough to cause a considerable pressure drop inside the vortex core.
A large pressure drop may induce vaporization of the liquid inside the vortex core, leading to the formation of a cavitating vortex ring. Upon its formation, the cavitation ring travels at the direction of the jet, with a translational velocity around half of that of the jet and its minor radius oscillating until viscosity dissipates angular momentum.
The oscillation of the cavitation ring leads to periodic collapses and rebounds, which emit high pressure pulses. Considering all the aforementioned observations, similarities and differences of the flow produced by a simplified and an actual pistol shrimp claw may be summarised.
First of all, from the results it is clear that, as the claw plunger moves inside the socket, the displaced liquid forms a high velocity jet, which in turn induces vortex ring roll-up. The shape of the vortex ring will affect the shape of cavitation in the vortex core. In the simulation, cavitation at the wake of the plunger was observed. In reality, the streamlined shape of the claw means that flow detachment is limited, thus there is very little cavitation, if any.
Moreover, whereas in simulation the socket was fixed in place, in actual pistol shrimp claws both plunger and socket move at opposite directions, offsetting somewhat the jet deviation introduced by the plunger wake.
Despite these differences, quantitative characteristics of claw operation have been reproduced. The pressure drop predicted by the intense swirling motion of the liquid is very similar to the one imposed as fitting parameter by Versluis et al. Moreover, the peak pressure measured from the bubble collapse is comparable to the one found from the present study, see P.
Krehl 1 , and the pressure signature is very similar to that measured by Versluis et al. It is also highlighted here, that effects found in the simulations may be confirmed by early investigations of other researchers, working on similar simplified claw models under cavitating conditions, see the work of Eliasson et al. The numerical methodology used in the present work is discussed in detail in the supplementary material, but will be described here briefly.
The plunger motion is imposed using an Immersed Boundary IB technique 41 , 42 , The advantage of this technique is that the computational domain remains unchanged throughout the whole simulation time, thus greatly simplifying geometry manipulation, especially in cases of small gaps or contact regions. Cavitation is modelled using the Homogenous Equilibrium Assumption 15 , 44 , 45 , 46 , thus pressure and density are directly linked through an Equation of State EoS describing the phase change process.
This assumption is justified based on cavitation tunnel experiments The geometry used for the simulations is based on prior experimental studies 5. Experiments were based on the claw morphology of a typical specimen of snapping shrimp, A. A two dimensional slice was extracted along the midplane of the claw geometry, obtaining the mean profile of plunger and socket geometry. This two dimensional slice was extruded in the 3rd direction, to obtain a simplified model of the shrimp claw.
Additionally, scale similarity was exploited to manufacture an enlarged scale model of the claw scale , which has been used for experimental studies, involving flow visualization and Particle Image Velocimetry.
In the scope of the present study, two types of simulations have been performed. The aim of this simulation was to validate the numerical framework and detailed results are presented in the supplementary material. Results of the second set of simulations are presented in this paper, since they involve cavitation related effects which are the focus of the study. As shown in Fig. Such features are not necessary for the simulation, since the area of interest is in the flow channel between plunger and socket.
Thus, such features have been removed Fig. Moreover, the fillet of the geometry has been removed Fig. Left to right: a original geometry, used for enlarged scale experiments, b simplified geometry hole and small features removed and c final geometry fillets removed.
In c the wireframe of the socket is shown, providing a view to the inner geometry of the socket. The simplified pistol shrimp claw dimensions, jet velocity and Reynolds number are outlined in Table 1. The Reynolds number may be defined based on the socket length scale, L , as in the experiment 5 for consistency:.
It is highlighted though, that the velocities reported in Table 1 occur in the neck region of the formed nozzle, as the claw closes. Thus, one could define the Reynolds number, based on the jet diameter, D , which is comparable to the nozzle neck, i. The motion profile is presented in Supplementary material 3. The aforementioned data are adequate to define a simulation or design an experiment. In case additional information are required, the interested reader is addressed to the corresponding author see below.
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An objective definition of a vortex.
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